fuqiang@fuqiang-laptop:~$ snmptranslate
USAGE: snmptranslate [OPTIONS] OID [OID]...

 

OPTIONS:
  -h            display this help message
  -V            display package version number
  -m MIB[:...]        load given list of MIBs (ALL loads everything)
  -M DIR[:...]        look in given list of directories for MIBs
  -D TOKEN[,...]    turn on debugging output for the specified TOKENs
              (ALL gives extremely verbose debugging output)
  -w WIDTH        set width of tree and detail output
  -T TRANSOPTS        Set various options controlling report produced:
              B:  print all matching objects for a regex search
              d:  print full details of the given OID
              p:  print tree format symbol table
              a:  print ASCII format symbol table
              l:  enable labeled OID report
              o:  enable OID report
              s:  enable dotted symbolic report
              z:  enable MIB child OID report
              t:  enable alternate format symbolic suffix report
  -P MIBOPTS        Toggle various defaults controlling mib parsing:
              u:  allow the use of underlines in MIB symbols
              c:  disallow the use of "--" to terminate comments
              d:  save the DEscrīptIONs of the MIB objects
              e:  disable errors when MIB symbols conflict
              w:  enable warnings when MIB symbols conflict
              W:  enable detailed warnings when MIB symbols conflict
              R:  replace MIB symbols from latest module
  -O OUTOPTS        Toggle various defaults controlling output display:
              0:  print leading 0 for single-digit hex characters
              a:  print all strings in ascii format
              b:  do not break OID indexes down
              e:  print enums numerically
              E:  escape quotes in string indices
              f:  print full OIDs on output
              n:  print OIDs numerically
              q:  quick print for easier parsing
              Q:  quick print with equal-signs
              s:  print only last symbolic element of OID
              S:  print MIB module-id plus last element
              t:  print timeticks unparsed as numeric integers
              T:  print human-readable text along with hex strings
              u:  print OIDs using UCD-style prefix suppression
              U:  don't print units
              v:  print values only (not ōID = value)
              x:  print all strings in hex format
              X:  extended index format
  -I INOPTS        Toggle various defaults controlling input parsing:
              b:  do best/regex matching to find a MIB node
              h:  don't apply DISPLAY-HINTs
              r:  do not check values for range/type legality
              R:  do random access to OID labels
              u:  top-level OIDs must have '.' prefix (UCD-style)
              s SUFFIX:  Append all textual OIDs with SUFFIX before parsing
              S PREFIX:  Prepend all textual OIDs with PREFIX before parsing
  -L LOGOPTS        Toggle various defaults controlling logging:
              e:          log to standard error
              o:          log to standard output
              n:          don't log at all
              f file:      log to the specified file
              s facility:  log to syslog (via the specified facility)

              (variants)
              [EON] pri:  log to standard error, output or /dev/null for level 'pri' and above
              [EON] p1-p2: log to standard error, output or /dev/null for levels 'p1' to 'p2'
              [FS] pri token:    log to file/syslog for level 'pri' and above
              [FS] p1-p2 token:  log to file/syslog for levels 'p1' to 'p2'
fuqiang@fuqiang-laptop:~$ snmptranslate .1.3.6.1.2.1.1.3.0
DISMAN-EVENT-MIB::sysUpTimeInstance
fuqiang@fuqiang-laptop:~$ snmptranslate -On SNMPv2-MIB::sysUpTime.0
.1.3.6.1.2.1.1.3.0
fuqiang@fuqiang-laptop:~$ snmptranslate -Of SNMPv2-MIB::sysUpTime.0
.iso.org.dod.internet.mgmt.mib-2.system.sysUpTime.sysUpTimeInstance
fuqiang@fuqiang-laptop:~$ snmptranslate .iso.3.6.1.private.enterprises.2021.2.1.prNames.0
UCD-SNMP-MIB::prNames.0
fuqiang@fuqiang-laptop:~$ snmptranslate -On .iso.3.6.1.private.enterprises.2021.2.1.prNames.0
.1.3.6.1.4.1.2021.2.1.2.0
fuqiang@fuqiang-laptop:~$ snmptranslate -Of .iso.3.6.1.private.enterprises.2021.2.1.prNames.0
.iso.org.dod.internet.private.enterprises.ucdavis.prTable.prEntry.prNames.0
fuqiang@fuqiang-laptop:~$ snmptranslate sysUpTime.0
No log handling enabled - turning on stderr logging
sysUpTime.0: Unknown Object Identifier (Sub-id not found: (top) -> sysUpTime)
fuqiang@fuqiang-laptop:~$ snmptranslate -IR sysUpTime.0
DISMAN-EVENT-MIB::sysUpTimeInstance
fuqiang@fuqiang-laptop:~$ snmptranslate -Ib 'sys.*ime'
SNMPv2-MIB::sysORUpTime
fuqiang@fuqiang-laptop:~$ snmptranslate -TB 'sys.*ime'
SNMPv2-MIB::sysORUpTime
SNMPv2-MIB::sysUpTime
DISMAN-EVENT-MIB::sysUpTimeInstance
HOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrSystemUptime
fuqiang@fuqiang-laptop:~$ snmptranslate -On -Td SNMPv2-MIB::sysUpTime
.1.3.6.1.2.1.1.3
sysUpTime OBJECT-TYPE
  -- FROM    SNMPv2-MIB, RFC1213-MIB
  SYNTAX    TimeTicks
  MAX-ACCESS    read-only
  STATUS    current
  DEscrīptION    "The time (in hundredths of a second) since the
            network management portion of the system was last
            re-initialized."
::= { iso(1) org(3) dod(6) internet(1) mgmt(2) mib-2(1) system(1) 3 }
fuqiang@fuqiang-laptop:~$ snmptranslate -Tp -IR system
+--system(1)
  |
  +-- -R-- String    sysDescr(1)
  |        Textual Convention: DisplayString
  |        Size: 0..255
  +-- -R-- ObjID    sysObjectID(2)
  +-- -R-- TimeTicks sysUpTime(3)
  |  |
  |  +--sysUpTimeInstance(0)
  |
  +-- -RW- String    sysContact(4)
  |        Textual Convention: DisplayString
  |        Size: 0..255
  +-- -RW- String    sysName(5)
  |        Textual Convention: DisplayString
  |        Size: 0..255
  +-- -RW- String    sysLocation(6)
  |        Textual Convention: DisplayString
  |        Size: 0..255
  +-- -R-- INTEGER  sysServices(7)
  |        Range: 0..127
  +-- -R-- TimeTicks sysORLastChange(8)
  |        Textual Convention: TimeStamp
  |
  +--sysORTable(9)
      |
      +--sysOREntry(1)
        |  Index: sysORIndex
        |
        +-- ---- INTEGER  sysORIndex(1)
        |        Range: 1..2147483647
        +-- -R-- ObjID    sysORID(2)
        +-- -R-- String    sysORDescr(3)
        |        Textual Convention: DisplayString
        |        Size: 0..255
        +-- -R-- TimeTicks sysORUpTime(4)
                  Textual Convention: TimeStamp
fuqiang@fuqiang-laptop:~$

An advanced, easy to use frontend for CVS.

gCvs features:
 - gCvs is part of the CvsGui project and shares a large portion of code
   with WinCvs and MacCvs, both of which are fairly mature
 - gCvs is written in C++ using GTK+
 - Makes CVS easier for the novice
 - Increases the power of CVS by providing a high-end interface
 - The project is growing because it is supported and developed by several
   CVS users

 Homepage: http://sourceforge.net/projects/cvsgui/

GNS3 is a graphical network simulator that allows you to design complex network topologies and to launch simulations on them.

To allow complete simulations, GNS3 is strongly linked with :

• Dynamips, an IOS emulator which allows users to run IOS binary images from Cisco Systems.
• Dynagen, a text-based front-end for Dynamips.
• Pemu, a PIX emulator.

GNS3 is a excellent complementary tool to real labs for administrators of Cisco networks or people wanting to pass their CCNA, CCNP, CCIP or CCIE certifications.

It can also be used to experiment features of Cisco IOS or to check configurations that need to be deployed later on real routers. This project is an open source product that may be used on multiple platforms, including Windows, Linux, and MacOS X.

Features overview

• Designing high quality complex network topologies.
• Emulating Cisco routers and PIX firewalls.
• Simulating simple Ethernet, ATM and Frame Relay switches.
• Load and save in Dynagen's INI-like format.
• Image export (JPEG, PNG, BMP and XPM).
  

Important notice: users must provide their own Cisco IOS to use GNS3.
http://www.gns3.net/

  PIPE2 is an open source, platform independent tool for creating and analysing Petri nets including Generalised Stochastic Petri nets. Petri nets are a popular way for modelling concurrency and synchronisation in distributed systems.
http://pipe2.sourceforge.net/about.html

   By David Hakala on December 13, 2007
   Open-source software is not for businesses who want out-of-the-box complete applications, but it makes sense for companies that want to tailor every aspect of the CRM experience from the ground up.
   CRM buyers might have very few choices were it not for open-source applications. The CRM field is dominated by huge players such as Oracle Corp. and SAP, and the open-source model is perhaps the easiest way into the CRM market for new companies. Open-source CRM projects have been proliferating; SourceForge Inc. lists 369 active open-source CRM projects. The following 10 open-source CRM solutions have risen to the top of the list.

1. SugarCRM Inc. is the 800-pound gorilla in the open-source CRM category. Founded in 2004 by John Roberts, Clint Oram and Jacob Taylor, the Sugar open-source code has been downloaded more than 3 million times. The company has received $26 million in venture financing and employs more than 100 people. More than 12,000 companies use SugarCRM including Honeywell International, Starbucks Corp., First Federal Bank and BDO Seidman LLP. SugarCRM is written in PHP and is compatible with the MySQL database.

2. SplendidCRM Software Inc.'s development team formed in November 2005. The application is built on the Microsoft platform (Windows, ISS, SQL Server, C# and ASP). Designed for system integrators, SplendidCRM allows administrators to add user-customizable features such as .NET 2.0’s Themes, Web Parts and AJAX. SplendidCRM is positioned as a competitor to SugarCRM, as the two applications share many of the same features. For instance, both offer an Outlook plug-in and the ability to add custom fields.

3. CentricCRM has been around for seven years and has achieved a great deal of stability and robustness. In June 2007, CentricCRM (renamed Concursive as of December 2007) received investment funding from Intel Capital, the venture capital arm of Intel Corp. CentricCRM is aimed at the small-business market, although it has scaled up within Fortune 500 companies. Its more complex features can be turned off if they are not needed, and the administrative console allows for a great deal of customization. The free version comes with five user licenses. Centric CRM is written in Java and is compatible with MySQL databases.

4. Hipergate bills itself as “the most complete open-source Java CRM and groupware.” That’s a lot to pack into a single package, but this enterprise-class application seems to have it all. Its functional modules include collaboration and groupware; contact management; project management and support-issues tracking; an e-shopping module with multiple catalogs and payment processing; a content -management module; mass email distribution and tracking; a corporate library; roles-based security; queries and reports; and more. Written in Java and JSP, hipergate is operating system-independent. Databases with which it is compatible include Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL, Oracle and PostgreSQL.

5. Compiere Inc. offers a complete ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) and CRM application with support for marketing and sales, human resources, inventory control and more. There is even a full business-accounting package, something often seen in open-source software. Compiere received a $6 million injection of venture capital in June 2006. Compiere is written in Java, Javascrīpt and PL/SQL, and it is compatible with JDBC and Oracle databases.

6. Vtiger CRM is built upon the LAMP/WAMP (Linux/Windows, Apache, MySQL and PHP) architecture, with the main development team based in Chennai, India. Vtiger CRM includes SFA (Sales Force Automation), customer-support and -service, marketing-automation, inventory-management, multiple database support, security-management, product-customization, calendaring and email-integration features. It also offers add-ons (Outlook Plug-in, Office Plug-in, Thunderbird Extension, Customer Self-service Portal and Web Forms) and support for other add-ons. Vtiger is written in Javascrīpt, PHP and Visual Basic. It is compatible with ADOdb, MySQL and PostgreSQL databases.

7. CentraView Inc.'s offering is a combination of contact management, SFA and CRM functions. Its source code is J2EE-based and builds on the MySQL database. The first version of CentraView was released in November 2004, for the Linux and Windows 2000/XP platforms. Today, the software is offered in both hosted and downloadable forms. Centraview CRM is written in Java and JSP and is compatible with MySQL databases.

8. XRMS CRM is a Web-based application suite that incorporates human-resources management, SFA and CRM. It is an on-premise solution for the small to midsize company. XRMS CRM includes computer telephony integration and the ability to add plug-ins for programs such as Outlook. XRMS CRM is operating-system independent, and it is written in an interpreted language (PHP). Compatible databases include ADOdb, SQL-based, Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL and other network-based DBMS.

9. Cream CRM is a multilingual application designed for media organizations. The application tracks sales orders, payments, shipments, services, online and print subscrīptions, and the effectiveness of promotional campaigns. Modules allow communication with customers via newsletters, email and a Web interface. Cream CRM is an initiative of the Media Development Loan Fund's Center for Advanced Media in Prague, Czechoslovakia. Cream CRM runs on FreeDSB, Linux and Windows 2000/XP. It is written in Java and Javascrīpt.

10. Tustena CRM is a Microsoft-centric application written for enterprise-class organizations. It comes in three solutions: On Demand, Business and Open Source. On Demand is the hosted version, while the Business version is installed on clients' site and features tech support. Users who opt for the Open Source version get the source code and can modify it as they wish, relying on the community for support. Tustena CRM is written in C#, ASP.NET and Javascrīpt. It is compatible with Microsoft SQL Server.
http://www.insidecrm.com

Sakai is an online Collaboration and Learning Environment. Many users of Sakai deploy it to support teaching and learning, ad hoc group collaboration, support for portfolios and research collaboration.

Sakai is a free and open source product that is built and maintained by the Sakai community. Sakai's development model is called "Community Source" because many of the developers creating Sakai are drawn from the "community" of organizations that have adopted and are using Sakai.

站点地址

Why Does This Project Exist?

   The goal of this project is to provide a central location for storing, maintaining and tracking Open Source software that is developed within the MIT community.  This SourceForge project is intended to hold larger software development efforts as well as the bits of code that often slip through the cracks--items such as templates, visual basic macros and utilities that students find useful and yet often have no central home, thus forcing students to "reinvent the wheel". 

http://mitopensource.sourceforge.net/

F/OSS-related work to the database of online papers.

http://opensource.mit.edu/

http://opensource.mit.edu/online_papers.php?lim=1000

一些开源科技研究资料，国内开源界可以借鉴一下。

http://www.acm.org/

A. M. Turing Award

ACM's most prestigious technical award is accompanied by a prize of $250,000. It is given to an individual selected for contributions of a technical nature made to the computing community. The contributions should be of lasting and major technical importance to the computer field. Financial support of the Turing Award is provided by the Intel Corporation and Google Inc.

Carnegie Mellon University
Clarke, Edmund M (2007)
University of Texas at Austin
Emerson, E Allen (2007)
CNRS/Verimag Laboratory
Sifakis, Joseph  (2007)
n 1981, Edmund M. Clarke and E. Allen Emerson, working in the USA, and Joseph Sifakis working independently in France, authored seminal papers that founded what has become the highly successful field of Model Checking. This verification technology provides an algorithmic means of determining whether an abstract model--representing, for example, a hardware or software design--satisfies a formal specification expressed as a temporal logic formula. Moreover, if the property does not hold, the method identifies a counterexample execution that shows the source of the problem. The progression of Model Checking to the point where it can be successfully used for complex systems has required the development of sophisticated means of coping with what is known as the state explosion problem. Great strides have been made on this problem over the past 27 years by what is now a very large international research community. As a result many major hardware and software companies are now using Model Checking in practice. Examples of its use include the verification of VLSI circuits, communication protocols, software device drivers, real-time embedded systems, and security algorithms.

The work of Drs. Clarke, Emerson, and Sifakis continues to be central to the success of this research area. Their work over the years has led to the creation of new logics for specification, new verification algorithms, and surprising theoretical results. Model Checking tools, created by both academic and industrial teams, have resulted in an entirely novel approach to verification and test case generation. This approach, for example, often enables engineers in the electronics industry to design complex systems with considerable assurance regarding the correctness of their initial designs.

Edmund M. Clarke

E. Allen Emerson

Joseph Sifakis

GUI client program for MySQL database server
MySQL Navigator is a MySQL database server GUI client program. The purpose
of MySQL Navigator is to provide a useful client interface to MySQL
database servers, whilst supporting multiple operating systems and
languages. You can currently import/export database, enter queries, get
result sets, edit scrīpts, run scrīpts, add, alter, and delete users, and
retrieve client and server information.

 Homepage: http://sourceforge.net/projects/mysqlnavigator/

What is virtual server?

Virtual server is a highly scalable and highly available server built on a cluster of real servers. The architecture of server cluster is fully transparent to end users, and the users interact with the cluster system as if it were only a single high-performance virtual server. Please consider the following figure.
The real servers and the load balancers may be interconnected by either high-speed LAN or by geographically dispersed WAN. The load balancers can dispatch requests to the different servers and make parallel services of the cluster to appear as a virtual service on a single IP address, and request dispatching can use IP load balancing technolgies or application-level load balancing technologies. Scalability of the system is achieved by transparently adding or removing nodes in the cluster. High availability is provided by detecting node or daemon failures and reconfiguring the system appropriately.
章文嵩博士是著名的Linux集群项目－－LVS（Linux Virtual Server）的创始人和主要开发人员。他目前是TelTel的首席科学家，从事大规模分布式的通信系统的设计和开发。他一直致力于自由软件的开发，并以此为乐。
Wensong Zhang
Chief Scientist

Dr. Zhang has extensive experience in architecting large-scale systems, system software development, system security and the Linux operating system. He is the founder and developer of the Linux Virtual Server project, which is dedicated to build advanced server clustering software for Linux.

Prior to joining TelTel, Dr. Zhang founded China Cluster Networks, a leading provider of cluster based products and services in China. Dr. Zhang also served in management roles at 21Vianet in China. A recognized expert on Linux, he is also a standing member of Co-Create Software Branch of the Chinese Software Industry Association in China.

Mr. Zhang received a Ph.D. degree in Computer Science from Changsha Institute of Technology.
http://www.linuxvirtualserver.org

编缉工具：vi  gedit  ee  leafpad  vim很多
存储为*.sh文件
执行:$ sh  *.sh  # sh *.sh
chmod permission your-scrīpt-name

Examples:
$ chmod +x your-scrīpt-name
$ chmod 755 your-scrīpt-name
例子：
######ginfo.sh   start#########
#
#
# scrīpt to print user information who currently login , current date & time
#
clear
echo "Hello $USER"
echo "Today is \c ";date
echo "Number of user login : \c" ; who | wc -l
echo "calendar"
cal
exit 0
#######end##############
fuqiang@fuqiang-laptop:~/桌面$ sh ginfo.sh
Hello fuqiang
Today is 2008年 05月 27日 星期二 16:00:48 CST
Number of user login : 2
calendar
     五月 2008     
一 二 三 四 五 六 日
          1  2  3  4
5  6  7  8  9 10 11
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29 30 31 

An Open Source product can’t (just as any other product) be introduced into a working environment based solely on a measurement of it strengths and weaknesses. To properly assess product one must also take into account several environmental aspects and naturally the present and future demands of the user. The OSMM of Capgemini takes these factors into account by defining the following application indicators:
    •   Usability – The intended user audience, the experience of that group.
    •   Interfacing – Required connectivity, which standards are applicable. How does this fit into the organisation?
    •   Performance – The expected load and processing capability. The performance
        demands that must be met.
    •   Reliability – What level of availability should the product deliver?
    •   Security – What security measures are required, what restrictions are imposed onto the product.
    •   Proven technology – Does the product use technology that has proven itself in daily production?
    •   Vendor independence – What level of commitment between supplier and user does the product demand?
    •   Platform independence – Is the product available for particular ICT environments
        only, or does the product allow a wide range of platforms.
    •   Support – What level of support is required.
    •   Reporting – What reporting facilities are required.
    •   Administration – Does the product allow the use of existing maintenance tools, the  demands for operational management.
    •   Advice – Does the client require validation / recommendation by independent parties, if so, what is required.
    •   Training – Required training and facilities.
    •   Staffing – Is product expertise bought, taught or hired.
    •   Implementation – Which implementation scenario is preferred?
来源于Capgemini的相关文档
http://www.uk.capgemini.com/

June 22–27, 2008, in Boston, MA, for the 2008 USENIX Annual Technical Conference. Leading researchers from around the globe are coming together to discuss their innovative systems research and cutting-edge practices.
http://www.usenix.org/events/
    About USENIX

USENIX Mission Statement

USENIX, the Advanced Computing Systems Association:

    * Fosters technical excellence and innovation
    * Supports and disseminates research with a practical bias
    * Provides a neutral forum for discussion of technical issues
    * Encourages computing outreach into the community at large

Since 1975, the USENIX Association has brought together the community of engineers, system administrators, scientists, and technicians working on the cutting edge of the computing world.

The USENIX conferences have become the essential meeting grounds for the presentation and discussion of the most advanced information on the developments of all aspects of computing systems.

USENIX supports its members' professional and technical development through a variety of on-going activities, including:

    * Member benefits
    * Annual technical and system administration conferences
    * Informal, specific-topic conferences such as security, internet technology, and mobile computing—as many as nine technical conferences per year
    * A highly regarded tutorial program
    * SAGE, a Special Interest Group for system administrators
    * Student programs that include stipends to attend conferences, low student member fees, a university outreach program, and best paper awards
    * Online library with proceedings from each USENIX conference and the magazine, ;login:
    * Participation in various ISO, IEEE and Open Group standards efforts
    * USENIX supports a "Good Works" program.
    * International Programs, including an International Affiliate Program. USENIX also co-sponsors conferences by international technical groups.
    * Two prestigious annual Awards which recognize public service and technical excellence: The Lifetime Achievement (Flame) Award and The Software Tools Users Group Award. SAGE sponsors the annual SAGE Outstanding Achievement Award recognizing outstanding achievement in system administration.
    * Membership in the Computing Research Association and The Open Group

reJ

The reJ project aims to allow improved visibility into Java class files, whether they were created compiling from Java sources, another language or by any other kind of tool. Basically anything that will run in a Java Virtual Machine.

reJ is a library and a graphical tool for inspection (viewing, searching and comparing) and manipulation (modification, obfuscation, refactoring of methods, fields, attributes and code) of classfiles for the Java platform.

http://rejava.sourceforge.net/

rejava

Building and Promoting a Linux-based Operating System to Support Virtual Organizations for Next Generation Grids (2006-2010).

http://www.xtreemos.eu/

  researchers working on topics relating to Software Science. ETAPS, established in 1998, is a confederation of five main annual conferences, accompanied by satellite workshops and other events. ETAPS 2008 is the eleventh event in the series.
  ETAPS 2008 will be hosted by Budapest, the capital of Hungary, which was founded in 1873 as the unification of the separate historic towns of Buda (the royal capital since the 15th century), Pest (the cultural centre) and Óbuda (built on the ancient Roman settlement of Aquincum). The city is bisected by the River Danube, which makes Budapest a natural geographical centre and a major international transport hub. Budapest has a rich and fascinating history, a vibrant cultural heritage, yet it managed to maintain its magic and charm. It has also been called the City of Spas with a dozen thermal bath complexes served by over a hundred natural thermal springs.
http://etaps08.mit.bme.hu/

gcov is a tool you can use in conjunction with GCC to test code coverage in your programs.
http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Gcov.html
覆盖率（白盒测试）
一、安装工作：
    ubuntu7.10源中有，但还要装libbfd-2.17.50.20070426.so，把它放到/usr/lib下。
二、功能应用：
    ［gcov命令行式的，ggcov（GTK图形式的）］
fuqiang@fuqiang-laptop:~/linuxcexample/time/gcovex$ gcov
用法：gconv [选项]... 源文件

显示代码覆盖信息。

  -h, --help                      打印此帮助并退出
  -v, --version                    打印版本号并退出
  -a, --all-blocks                显示每个基本块的信息
  -b, --branch-probabilities      输出包含分支概率
  -c, --branch-counts             给出跳转的分支数，而不是百分比
  -n, --no-output                 不创建输出文件
  -l, --long-file-names           为包含进来的源文件使用长输出文件名
  -f, --function-summaries        输出每个函数的小结信息
  -o, --object-directory DIR|FILE 在 DIR 中搜索目标文件，或搜索名为 FILE 的目标文件
  -p, --preserve-paths            保留所有路径名
  -u, --unconditional-branches    同时显示无条件跳转数

提交错误报告的具体步骤请参见：
<URL:http://gcc.gnu.org/bugs.html>。

For Debian GNU/Linux specific bug reporting instructions, please see:
<URL:file:///usr/share/doc/gcc-4.1/README.Bugs>.
fuqiang@fuqiang-laptop:~/linuxcexample/time/gcovex$ ls
timeex.c
fuqiang@fuqiang-laptop:~/linuxcexample/time/gcovex$ gcc -fprofile-arcs -ftest-coverage timeex.c
fuqiang@fuqiang-laptop:~/linuxcexample/time/gcovex$ ls
a.out  timeex.c  timeex.gcno
fuqiang@fuqiang-laptop:~/linuxcexample/time/gcovex$ ./a.out
biggest = Tue Jan 19 03:14:07 2038
fuqiang@fuqiang-laptop:~/linuxcexample/time/gcovex$ ls
a.out  timeex.c  timeex.gcda  timeex.gcno
fuqiang@fuqiang-laptop:~/linuxcexample/time/gcovex$ ggcov timeex.c

The chart below helps illustrate some common compatibility relationships between different free software licenses:
http://www.gnu.org/licenses/quick-guide-gplv3.html

   HAProxy is a free, very fast and reliable solution offering high availability, load balancing, and proxying for TCP and HTTP-based applications. It is particularly suited for web sites crawling under very high loads while needing persistence or Layer7 processing. Supporting tens of thousands of connections is clearly realistic with todays hardware. Its mode of operation makes its integration into existing architectures very easy and riskless, while still offering the possibility not to expose fragile web servers to the Net, such as below :

Currently, two major versions are supported :

• version 1.1 - maintains critical sites online since 2002
  The most stable and reliable, has reached years of uptime. Receives no new feature, dedicated to mission-critical usages only.
• version 1.2 - opening the way to very high traffic sites
  The same as 1.1 with some new features such as poll/epoll support for very large number of sessions, IPv6 on the client side, application cookies, hot-reconfiguration, advanced dynamic load regulation, TCP keepalive, source hash, weighted load balancing, rbtree-based scheduler, and a nice Web status page. This code is still evolving but has significantly stabilized since 1.2.8.

Additionally, a third version 1.3 is under active development. New features include :

• Content Switching : provides ability to select a group of server based on any part of the request such as the URI, the Host field, cookies, or anything else. There is a growing request for this feature from large sites which separate dynamic and static contents.
• Full Transparent Proxy : it is possible connect to the server with the Client's IP address or even any other IP address. This is possible only on Linux 2.4/2.6 with the cttproxy patch. This feature also makes it possible to transparently handle part of the traffic for a particular server without changing any server's address.
• New faster tree-based scheduler : versions up to 1.2.16 required that all timeouts were set to the same value to support tens of hundreds of connections at full speed. With this new scheduler, it is no longer the case. I have backported it to 1.2.17.
• Kernel TCP splicing : avoiding kernel-to-user then user-to-kernel data copies improves bandwidth and lowers CPU usage. Haproxy 1.3 supports Linux L7SW in order to achieve multi-gigabit performance on commodity hardware.
• Connection Tarpitting : since the cost of maintaining a connection open is low, it is sometimes desirable to "tarpit" attack bots, which means maintain their connections open to limit their capacity. This has been developped for a site crawling under a small DDoS with easily identifiable requests from a few thousand zombies.
• Finer Header Processing : will make it easier to write header-based rules and to process parts of the URI.
• Very Fast and reliable Header Parsing : full parsing and indexing of an average request typically takes less than 2 microseconds with fully RFC2616-compliant integrity checks.
• Modular Design : allow more people to contribute to the project and make it easier to debug. The pollers have been split, already making their development a lot easier. Other subsystems will be modularized soon.
• Speculative I/O processing : try to access data on a socket before being notified about its readiness. The poller just speculates about what should be available and what should not, tries to guess, and if it wins, several expensive syscalls are saved. If it loses, those syscalls will have to be called anyway. A net overall gain of about 10% has been observed using Linux epoll().
• ACLs : use any combination of any criterion as a condition to any action.
• More load balancing algorithms : right now, Weighted Round Robin, Weighted Source Hash and Weighted URL Hash are implemented. Weighted Least Conns is pending. Other algorithms may come later such as Weighted Measured Response Time.

Unlike other free "cheap" load-balancing solutions, this product is only used by a few hundreds of people around the world, but those people run very big sites serving several millions hits and between several tens of gigabytes to several terabytes per day to hundreds of thousands of clients. They need 24x7 availability and have internal skills to risk to maintain a free software solution. Often, the solution is deployed for internal uses and I only know about it when they send me some positive feedback or when they ask for a missing feature ;-)

http://haproxy.1wt.eu/